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英語 から 日本語: Positive Economy by Milton Friedman ~extraction~ General field: 社会科学 Detailed field: 経済学
原書のテキスト - 英語 I. THE RELATION BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NORMATIVE ECONOMICS
Confusion between positive and normative economics is to some extent inevitable. The subject matter of economics is regarded by almost everyone as vitally important to himself and within the range of his own experience and competence; it is the source of continuous and extensive controversy and the occasion for frequent legislation. Self-proclaimed “experts” speak with many voices and can hardly all be regarded as disinterested; in any event, on questions that matter so much, “expert” opinion could hardly be accepted solely on faith even if the “experts” were nearly unanimous and clearly disinterested. 2 The conclusions of positive economics seem to be, and are, immediately relevant to important normative problems, to questions of what ought to be done and how any given goal can be attained. Laymen and experts alike are inevitably tempted to shape positive conclusions to fit strongly held normative preconceptions and to reject positive conclusions if their normative implications - or what are said to be their normative implications - are unpalatable.
英語 から 日本語: What Mind Is by Hegel General field: 社会科学 Detailed field: 哲学
原書のテキスト - 英語 What Mind (or Spirit) is.
§381. From our point of view Mind has for its presupposition Nature, of which it is the truth, and for that reason its absolute prius. In this its truth Nature is vanished, and mind has resulted as the “Idea” entered on possession of itself. Here the subject and object of the Idea are one – either is the intelligent unity, the notion. This identity is absolute negativity – for whereas in Nature the intelligent unity has its objectivity perfect but externalized, this self-externalization has been nullified and the unity in that way been made one and the same with itself. Thus at the same time it is this identity only so far as it is a return out of nature.
英語 から 日本語: AN Conversion General field: その他 Detailed field: 密教
原書のテキスト - 英語 AN conversion is a major process that our whole reality is going through. It is the process through which the Source, the One original creator, is bringing the whole of creation back into unity.
The universe was created as a reflection of the One in which the One is exploring itself. The One is omnipresent in the universe, and yet at the same time it is beyond. The universe is only a mirror image of the One, which was created with a basic template : quantum dyamics. Quantum dynamics is a system in which the created matter oscillates between all possible potentials. The main factor that determines which potential manifests is Will.
The One is by definition perfect, whole and absolute. Perfection and wholeness means that everything is designed with purpose. However, by creating a system of exploration of all possible potentials, a potential was logically created as an opposite to purpose : randomness, also called contingency :
This universe that we are in now, as we have experienced it so far, is a result of combining both the One and contingency, purpose and randomness. Evil happened accidentally as a result of interaction between will and contingency. Accidents were possible in the universe because the universe is not the pure One, it is only a mirror image of it, and that image is not fully exact because it contains contingency, and therefore the One is not all powerful within the realms of the universe. Evil is a momentum in which will is submerged by contingency, loses connection with the Absolute, gets turned inside out, and starts to be used for the opposite purpose of what it is originally meant for. This is why 'evil' spells 'live' backwards.
宇宙は、一なるもの（一者: the One）の反映として創造されました。宇宙の中を一なるものは探検・冒険するのです。一なるものは宇宙の至る所に遍在しています。それでもなお、超越した存在なのです。宇宙は、鏡に映る一なるものの像でしかないのです。宇宙は基本的な枠組み・ひな型（テンプレート）を用いて創造されました。つまり、量子力学です。創造された物質が、潜在的に可能なもの・ことのすべての間で振動するようなシステム、それが量子力学です。潜在的などれが顕現されるかを決定する主な要因は【意思】です。
入会時期 Jun '13
専門知識分野 